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Executive Summary Report to Health Minister Saudi Arabia

Introduction
The vending machines are popping up everywhere in Saudi Arabia especially about the fast foods joints. The fact that they present us with a fast opportunity to get something that was unplanned to eat makes them acceptable in the society. The fast rate at which the community is growing and the fact that people have even lesser time to prepare for meals especially due to the planning attribute makes the emergence of these fast food vending machines extremely famous. The growing number of fast foods vending machines in Saudi Arabian hospitals is raising major concerns about the daily visitors to these facilities. These vending machines offer the patients and the other visitors to the facilities an easy way to obtain a quick snack for a few coins instead of having to carry food from home as well as having to go too far areas in search of a meal. However, the disadvantages that these machines present are a major concern that has led to the idea of replacing these machines with the healthy juice vending machines. The growth trend of health complications especially the case of child obesity has become a global problem and the Saudi Arabian nation is trying to look for the cases as well as solutions to the health trends.

Building the Executive Report Body
Vending machines offer one of the most convenient options that people have in accessing foods as well as drinks without having to travel for long distances looking for a shop or having to make plans of hat they are going to eat. Traditionally, these bending machines have been strategically located in areas that receive traffic entailing people who want quick solutions to their hunger and thirst needs. Some of these locations encompass the hospitals targeting the waiting customers, fast food joints where people go to get quick fixes as well as schools targeting the large population of students with pocket changes among others (Chahoud and Carter, 2006). The convenience that these unhealthy fast food joints come with grave adverse heath repercussions for the consumers of the products found in these machines.

Statistics indicate that the attainment of an optimally healthy heart demands that one should not consume more than 1500 milligrams of sodium on a daily basis. The human body demands sodium in the diet to guarantee that attainment of normal body fluid balance, with the consuming too much sodium increasing the likelihood of high blood pressure and the consequent risk of stroke. The consumption of junk foods from the unhealthy fast food vending machines as potato chips, pepperoni pizza is high in sodium and increases an individual’s risk of stroke. The journal of cerebral circulation reveals that there is an 18% increase in the risk of stroke for every 500 milligrams of sodium that an individual consumes above the recommendation (Wiecha, Jean L., et al., 1624-1630).

There is the trend on the cropping up of vending machines all over Saudi Arabia is one of the factors that has resulted in the development of this executive summary (Unhealthy Foods Bulk Of School Vending Machine Choices, p7). Most of these vending machines contain most products that are unhealthy such as the sugary products and the numerous other products that are promoting the unhealthy trend in the country. The fatty and sugary products that most of the vending machines provide makes it imperative that measures to address the trend are put in place. The fact that the unhealthy vending machines have encroached most of the hospitals in Saudi Arabia raises the concern about the healthy eating subject considering that the healthy facilities are supposed to enhance the health of their clients. The additional demerit relating to the growth of the unhealthy vending machines in Saudi Arabia is the fact that they mostly contain junk foods that are responsible for numerous lifestyle diseases. Some of these health challenges that the unhealthy fast food vending machines expose the population to include increasing the risks of stroke, tooth decay, gastrointestinal problems and weight gain among others. The introduction and the consequent replacement of the unhealthy vending machines that have become a culture in Saudi in hospitals as well as the other fast food joints are going to have an extremely beneficial attribute to the entire Saudi Arabian population.

The junk food that is available via the unhealthy fast food vending machines results in weight gain and other cases obesity. The common statics indicates that it takes an extra 3,500 calories in an individual’s diet every day to gain 1 pound of weight gain. Tooth decay as the additional result of the unhealthy fast food vending machines follows that a diet that is rich in sugary products increases and individual’s likelihood of developing cavities. The occurrence of tooth decay follows the breakdown of the enamel, which is the protective coating on teeth (Unhealthy Foods Bulk Of School Vending Machine Choices, p7). The eating of junk food that is high in the sugar content as candy as well as baked goods coats the mouth, gums, tongue and teeth with sugar, the component that attacks the enamel resulting in tooth decay and cavities.

Consumption of too much junk foods products can result in gastrointestinal challenges in that the processed foods contain very little if any dietary fiber. It is imperative that one including fiber in the diet to keep those bowels moving and if one did not eat the adequate amount of fiber, there is a high likelihood of developing constipation.

Most institutions are currently addressing the state of the vending machines in their vicinities containing the unhealthy products that are responsible for the health challenges. Starting the replacement of these unhealthy vending machines in hospitals as well as the other fast food joints in Saudi Arabia with fresh juice vending machines presents an opportunity for the county to improve the wellbeing of its citizenry. The successful realization of a healthy population by the Saudi Arabia population relies on the ability of the hospitals administration to ban the sale of sugary and fatty foods in the vending machines available in the facilities (Wiecha, Jean L., et al., 1624-1630). The campaign needs to extend to the other regions that have the selling of fast foods as they are the main proponents of the unhealthy eating that is accessed through these vending machines.

Strength
The continued growth of the trend for healthy foods has seen an increase in the consumption of vegetables and fruits during the meals as well as breaks, particularly revolving around the consumption of fruit juices and the freshly squeezed juice. Through the promotion of the replacement of the unhealthy vending machines with the fresh juice vending machines, the hospitals in Saudi Arabia will be able to improve the nutritional offerings in their cafeterias, vending machines as well as the meals that the patients consume (Vending Machines in Hospitals – Are They Healthy, 26-50). The growth in the awareness of the number of population that is aware of the healthy negative benefits associated with the unhealthy fast food vending machines implies that the idea of the fresh juice is going to be accepted. Consequently, there has been an escalation in the costs of accessing healthcare in Saudi Arabia as a result of the poor eating habits implies that the stakeholders in the healthcare sector are going to support the policy on the replacement of the unhealthy foods. Starting the change in hospitals offers the best opportunity to undertake mass education as the information they get comes from the sources that they trust with their health (Vending Machines in Hospitals – Are They Healthy, 2016). Additionally the need to cut on the hospital budgetary allocation by the government makes the policies relating to the replacement of these unhealthy vending machines with the fresh juice ones a success due to the involvement of the national leaders.

Thus, the overall attribute that supports the adoption of the fresh juice vending machines in hospitals, as well as the other fast foods joints, include the fact that the Saudi Arabia population is going to benefit from the realization of a healthy life. The reduction in the number of strokes, tooth decays, and obesity among the residents of Saudi Arabia will make the idea acceptable to the residents. The desire by the government to reduce their allocation to the healthy sector additionally implies that the strategy will receive the support of the government.

Weakness Area
The main weakness in the implementations of the fresh juice vending in Saudi Arabian hospitals as well as the other parts that sell fast foods is the fact that there is the lack of mass information. The lack of information to the masses on the health challenges that these unhealthy fast food vending machines present to them make it hard for them to make the informed decisions relating to their health benefits. Additionally the fact that the fresh juice vending machines are the a new topic in Saudi Arabia implies that the idea will take the time to gain track while the population will still be consuming the unhealthy products available in the fast food vending machines. The few fresh juice machines that are available in the regions additionally make it impossible for all the people with the desire to consume the healthy products gaining access to the fresh juice. The fact that the fresh juice vending machine is currently offering the fresh juice products is an additional attribute that limits its application as the users need other products other than the juice.

Opportunity Available Which Outside Abroad
The growing number of schools that are calling for healthy eating of their students offers an opportunity for the product. By liaising with the school administrations, we will be able to install the machines in the schools, an attribute that offers significant revenues. The numerous fast foods joints that are available in the region additionally present an opportunity that we will be exploiting. We will be stocking these fast food joint vending machines without fresh juice products, thus cutting the costs we would have incurred in installing the machines ourselves (Chahoud and Carter, 2014). The costs we save through this attribute will be used in stocking more vending machines in the fast joints, especially in Jeddah. The growing bad reputation of the fast foods joints offering spoilt products is an additional opportunity we will be taking advantage of by making our vending machines self-services joints that the customers serve themselves. The exponential growth of the fast food lovers in Saudi Arabia is an opportunity that offers a huge market for our fresh juice products.

Risks
The possible risk we run encountering is the court suits that the owners of the fast foods joints may make in barring us from using their machines, an attribute that will cost us market accessibility. Additionally, the stringent laws in Saudi Arabia regarding the establishment of new businesses are additionally a risk that could make us take longer as we wait for licensure. The penetration of the already existing fast food vendors into the fresh juice idea is an attribute that will significantly eat into our revenues as they already have the infrastructure.

Chapter 11 and Chapter 12

Chapter 11 Questions
Define a stockholder and stakeholder. What is the difference between the two?

A stockholder is an individual with the claim over owning part of the company in such a way that he/she has ownership of the stock and has an influence on the finance of the corporation. A stockholder can at the time be referred to as the shareholder. A stakeholder, on the other hand, is an individual with the interests of the organization or corporation. And for this case, the stakeholders has some other interests other than the stock appreciation of the Corporation (Lindsay, 2016).

A stockholder is an individually that will take part in the electing the directors of the company and another small number of additional issues that he/she can handle. At the same time, a stockholder is entitled to dividends. A stockholder can be part of the stakeholders group, but a stakeholder is not regarded as stockholders. The positions outlined that stockholding is within stakeholding.

A stakeholder is any individually that represents a wide group of the persons with the interest in the operations (success or failure) of the company. The group has a big impact on the general operations of the company as it is wide and it includes the stockholders (shareholders), the creditors, customers, the local community, employees and the government. A stakeholder takes greatly part in the management of the corporations as their influence brings about the loss or the decline in the organization performance. They have a high impact on the decisions undertaken within the business.

What process does a company go through to respond to stakeholder concerns? What are the steps of this process?

In the operations and general management of an organization, the stakeholders play a crucial role as they take part in the decision-making process. To get the stakeholders concerns responded to by the managers, different methods can be applied. However, based on the role they play engagement is the most reliable principle to go about the task. Once they are engaged, the creation and the maintenance of the business value are upheld. The stakeholders’ engagements strategy is defined by the social business relationship (BSR) background. The strategy can be implemented through five distinctive steps of engagement strategy (set), stakeholder mapping (Define), Preparation (Focus), Engagement (Conduct), and Action Plan (Identify).

The engagement strategy comes before understanding that engaging stakeholders mean taking and treating the issues and opinions of the stakeholders as the outside concerns.

Stakeholders mapping stage defines the collaborative undertaking of research and conducting a discussion to have the identification of the key list of the company stakeholders. The mapping is done through the steps of identifying, analyzing, mapping and prioritizing. The success of the stakeholders’ identification will depend on the knowledge of the participants in the research and discussion.

The preparation stage once more defines the examination of the identified organization stakeholders to have a good understanding of their concerns, positions, and interests. The follow-up step of identifying is the determination of the best method of incorporating the concerns within eh company with the best understanding of the risks associated with the engagement. This defines the action plan which upholds to the system of the participant (managers) that goes by the engagement, communicating and informing. Engaging defines the stakeholders, communication, on the other hand, defines the stakeholders with the highest level of willingness to engage and inform defines the seeking of the information than conversations (Morris & Baddache, 2012).

What is the agency problem? What are the governance mechanisms that can be put in place to defend from this problem?

An agency problem can be defined as the conflict of interest that may exist between the management of the organization and the stockholders of the company. In this case, the managers within the management bracket define the agents who have the official task of making sound decisions that will get to maximize the profits (dividends) to the stockholders.

The corporate governance comes in to provide the balance through the sharing of powers amongst the directors, management and the stockholders with the aim to maximize the shareholder value and protect the stakeholder’s interest. The way to go about the agency problem is to ensure that the company complies with local, state and federal statutes. Establish some standards that should comply. Thirdly, implement best practices as suggested by the professional organizations.

Describe internal controls and strategies that can be implemented to ensure ethical behavior within a company.

The development of an ethics program within the organization will get the ethical behavior implemented. The program should get done through the establishing, communicating and the monitoring of the ethical values. The values are expected to characterize the company history, culture, and the operating system. The program should accommodate the codes of conduct to the employees.

Develop ethical standards and take the employees through the training about the standards. Also, ensure that the employees comply with the ethics, and this can be measured through the comparison of the ethical employee performance.

Chapter 12 Questions
How can organizational design contribute to competitive advantage?
There are so many ways in which an organization can be structured based on the objectives of the organization. An organization is usually referred to as a group of entities which operate to achieve the same common goal or goals. The structure of any organization influences the performance of the organization. Organizational structures offer the capability to specify responsibilities for assorted functions and processes to entities including workgroup, individuals, branch, and department. People who operate as individuals are often hired for specified time periods in organizational structures to carry out contracts of work, orders for work, permanent contract employment or even under program orders. Constantly increasing competitive pressure correlates with changing organizational structures and the involved processes to improve the competitive advantage of the organizations. The existence of skills and resources that are better outside the organization increased application of the use of alliances, down scoping or outsourcing by firms tend to cause the firms to draw in the narrow scope of activities.

Describe how a strong organizational culture leads to transparency, ethics, and to competitive advantage within a company.

Effective organizational structures make better the relations of work among the several entities that exist within the organizations. This will improve the efficiency of carrying out activities within the organizational units and hence enables an organization to develop an order and control, which is important for the monitoring of various processes that exist in the firm. The organization, therefore, supports command for carrying on with a variety of orders and changes in the conditions for performance of work. The organization incorporates the use of skills from individuals to introduce ease of change and application of creativities. With the expansion of business, the chain of command becomes longer and hence expands the span of control. With age, the flexibility of the organization will reduce with the creativity fatiguing. This makes it necessary for the organizational structures to be often changed to accommodate recovery.

How does the implementation of functional structures lead to more organizational control and more effective strategic planning?

Organizational culture influences the way in which specialists in the organization think and carry out their responsibilities. It is influenced positively by important reconfiguration of the part played by human resources in the development of the organization. As a result of organizational culture, there is improved performance within organizations and increased flexibility in the demand of the market. A strong corporate culture is known as an imperative driver of innovation to forces from the outside.

The culture of a company is derived from the values, structures, assumptions which are essential for the survival of an organization in a given industry. Organizational culture is transparent to workers in the firm, investors, and customers. It sets the picture of the organization at present and in the future. The organizational culture creates a strong relationship with the group that is difficult to break. The culture can either be the strongest asset or the biggest liability to the organization. Its impact is more than talents present in an organization and apparently possesses significant influence on the goals of the organization.

Organizational culture assists in the development of ethics that are expected in an organization. This is because it outlines what each and every individual in the organization is expected. If well incorporated into the culture of the organization, the ethics are easily followed by the stakeholders in the firm as well as its employees and management. It also encourages transparency since all the individuals surrounding the organization can observe what the organization stands. This increases trust by customers and even investors since the organization becomes very easy to understand regarding operations and policies.

Organizational structure outlines how activities in an organization are directed to the achievement of the organizational goals through the allocation of tasks, supervision, and coordination. The organizational structure, therefore, serves as a way through which people see their organization and the environment of the organization. It influences the activities of the organization in ways such as the provision of the foundation on which the accepted standards of operation and procedure routines. This makes it a very important tool in the strategic planning. It also determines which members of the organization are given the role of making decisions which determine the extent to which their opinions affects the line of action to be taken by the organization.

Italian language and culture

THREE WORKS BY ANDREA PALLADIO
Andrea Palladio is among the foremost architects of his time. His works helped to change the face of the Renaissance architecture despite working during a time when the Council of tent aimed at reforming the religious architectures as per the Protestant Reform criticism as well as criticism from with the church itself. Thus, Palladio’s architectural designs were limited to a large extent. One of his work was the Basilica di San Pietro di Castello in Venice which was publicly commission buildings. Basilica di San Pietro di Castello is a building that dates from the 16th century. It was the cathedral church of the city. Andrea Palladio was nominated to provide ideas for additions and alterations of the prominent early architects of Venice. His work was to rebuild the interior and faced of St Pietro. The church has a large dome showing the ecclesiastical importance of the church. The drum supports the dome with rectangular windows for letting in light. The interior has a large nave at the central with Latin aisle. There is a transept crossing the church separating the presbytery from the navel.

However, few years later he was commissioned to construct a private chapel for the Barbaro brothers who became his central opportunity of having a perfect plan of the church. Tempietto Barbaro is, therefore, his most crucial work that is a vehicle for discussing his other entire central plan and understanding the theories of architectural planning during the Renaissance. The Barbaro brothers were the Venetian aristocrats prominent for their goal of establishing a humanistic society and educated in humanistic educations. The final architectural work was a product of Palladio’s and Marcantonio Barbaro ideas. The church’s location at the Barbaro estate bounded in the village of the Maser. Its primary purpose was to become a private chapel for the function of the village parish and the Barbaro (Figure 1). The churches plan design is from the Greek cross but in a smaller version of the chapel. It has a semi-circular dome and four arms (Figure 2).

The construction’s facade transports the viewer immediately to the Pantheon in Rome, with its portion and pediment fronting the great dome. There is minimal extravagant ornamentation inside the church. It has no paintings but white walls; the decorations comprise of the statuary. The function of the church to become the village parish was secondary to its purpose of being the Marc’antonio and his family mortuary chapel. Therefore, the church is constructed to bring in muted lighting, and its decorations are not over the top There are repeated sets of Corinthian columns within the triumphal arch motif replicated throughout the room (Weissmuller, 2007).

Il Redentore is another work by Palladio has the Aedicules that feature on the walls encrypted with the Barbaros’ patron saints pictures. The Il Redentore was Palladio’s idyllic church that he has always had in his mind. Palladio’s ideas and thought in designing the Il Redentore had their way in planning for the Tempietto Barbaro. Each feature in Il Redentore is well elevated showing the steps leading to the front entrance. The Il Redentore is a square shape outwardly but the inside there is a faint Greek cross plan that is more pronounced that the Tempietto. The front features of Il Redentore comprise of four engaged columns that are Tempiettos temple front. In general, the initial ideas that Palladio conceived for the Il Redentore were revived and rejuvenated in the construction of Tempietto Barbaro (Weismuller, 2007).

Other architects and their importance

Girolamo Savonarola was a friar Dominican, who preached in Florence in the Renaissance period. His preaching was to seek both political and spiritual reform. Savonarola preached against the materialistic lifestyle of Florence, which was the great center of literature, architecture, and Renaissance art. Sandro Botticelli during his time produced many volumes of paintings and drawings such as the ‘Divine Comedy’ manuscript by Dante. With Botticelli’s work were mainly church related.

For instance, the Adoration of the Magi’ (c.1481) provides heavy details with well elaborated architectural representations and expressive set of figures within religious contexts. He had a good reputation in religious art and was invited to work in decorating the Sistine Chapel in Vatican. By the turn of the century, he had readopted the Gothic principle and abandoned modern architecture in place of rural elements for framing subjects.

The Scrovegni Chapel Giotto di Bandon’s masterwork that he completed in 1305 in Padua, Italy for the Enrich Scrovegni family. The forgoes that adorn the ceilings and walls of the chapel relate to an emotional and complex narrative of the lives of Jesus and Mary. The narrative outlook forms the genius aspect of this chapel. Bandon’s settings and themes are exclusively religious as seen in the ionic scenes that depict Jesus, Mary, and Joachim.

Scrovegni Chapel

Leon Battista Alberti in 1435 gave the first theory about the modern day linear perspective ion his book the painting. This new system has a major impact on measurements in paintings to many artists after 1435. The artist created a floor on the ground of the painting and drew another receding grid to guide the reflective scale on other elements in the picture. It was the first step that painting was not just for the purpose of God’s glorifications as it was the case of the Medieval Europe. Instead, painting during the Renaissance was for the people looking at the painting.

Philosophy Paper 2

Physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia should be legal in the United States.

There has been a fierce debate among many stakeholders that include government and non-governmental agencies, religious leaders, healthcare professionals, researchers, activists and scholars on whether physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia should get legalized or not. Physician-assisted suicide refers to the act where a licensed professional or doctor prescribes lethal drugs to a patient at their voluntary, informed and competent request with the aim of causing death. Voluntary Active Euthanasia refers to the action of a doctor or licensed professional to administer lethal medicine to a patient at their voluntary, informed as well as competent request with the aim of causing death. Various scholars and stakeholders argue that physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia should get legalized in the United States. In this paper, I will argue that physician-assisted suicide should be illegal in the United States. I will also show that it’s wrong and unlawful for a licensed professional in the health care sector to undertake active voluntary euthanasia.

The proponents of these practices argue that their practices are necessary as they result in a benefit to the patient (Kamm, 1997). They claim that suffering is evil, and these actions eliminate the pain caused by suffering. They maintain that the patients suffering from terminal illnesses have a right to choose not to suffer by taking their lives. They argue that the principle of autonomy in healthcare gets adhered to, as the patient who is not well-trained in ending life procedures voluntarily requests for the services of a trained physician to assist them in ending their lives.

However, this argument fails greatly due to several reasons. First, the principle of autonomy has limitation. The disparity of knowledge as well as clinical judgment compromises the principle of autonomy. All health care professionals have a greater knowledge base that their patients and also have a responsibility to do good to their patients. The suffering caused by diseases such as terminal illness limits a patient’s right to autonomy. Suffering may be a severe and multifaceted challenge, however, is not insurmountable. It is treatable, and the use of certain powerful analgesics and pain management techniques can significantly relieve pain. Hence, these proponents are wrong by suggesting death as the only measure to deal with pain.

The nations that tolerate or legalize assisted suicide or active voluntary euthanasia do so under some set guidelines. For instance, “German where voluntary euthanasia gets prohibited and assisted suicide does not get considered as a violation of the law provided that the patient is tatherrschaftsfahig” (Battin, 2006). That is the patient is capable of exercising control over his or her actions and also acting out of freely responsible choice. In Netherlands, active euthanasia remains prohibited by statutory law and also gets protected by a series of lower and Supreme Court decisions. It broadly gets considered as legal as long as the healthcare professional meets several guidelines. The guidelines are; that the patient’s request be voluntary, that the patient is undergoing intolerable suffering, that the patient gets well informed, that all acceptable alternatives for relieving pain have got attempted and that the physician consults another healthcare professional.

The practice by the Netherlands fails significantly since its availability creates a disincentive for providing good terminal care. The practice also erodes into practicing less-than-voluntary euthanasia on patients whose problems are not irremediable and usually by moderate degrees develop into terminating the lives of individuals who are elderly, handicapped, chronically ill or mentally retarded. In the case of German, Physicians should understand that tehy6 involvement in assisted suicide results into more harm in the practice of medicine. The patients who are dying will have a fear that they are dying due to assisted suicide is allowed. This practice gets seen to distort the healing relationship between doctors and their patients. It is the responsibility of the physician to do what they can ethically so as to alleviate suffering and should in no circumstance involve themselves knowingly in the death of a patient.

As an objection, it may get argued that it is necessary to cause permissible death as a side effect if it leads to relieving pain, as sometimes it is a lesser evil and pain relief is a greater good. This argument allows a healthcare physician to treat pain in whatever manner so as to result in a patient’s greater good.

This objection is wrong since killing a person is not of any good to a patient. There are other alternatives for relieving pain other than death. Furthermore, it does not necessary require a healthcare professional to cause death. Numerous effective methodologies are available especially on the internet that does not necessarily involve a physician.

The paper states in what numerous ways physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia are of more harm than good to a patient. The paper also argues why health care professionals should in not by any means get involved in any practices that aim at causing death as it destroys the patient and doctor relationship as well as is against the principles of medicine. Hence, physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia should not get legalized in the United States.

How to succeed in Mathematics

In academics, plagiarism gets perceived as a crime that entails theft of another person’s work (often ideas or words in literature) and later presenting them as own. The documentation of another author’s work in your paper or article or book without acknowledging the original author gets viewed as an act of fraud. The copyright laws of the United States protect all forms of expression that have got recorded in some way including literature. This expression by an author, written or a songwriter gets considered as intellectual property that should not get presented elsewhere as own work, copied in any way and lack of or the wrong quotation. Plagiarizing as an offense attracts severe punishment and penalties in a majority of the academic institutions. However, this criminal act of stealing literature can get avoided through a few easy ways. First, scholars and learners should be creative as well as possess the habit of writing own original ideas. Second, an effective way of writing a plagiarism free paper is planning the paper in advance so as to develop adequately many own ideas and correctly add other people’s idea with required citations. Finally, citing correctly and obtaining the correct details of authors assists in avoiding plagiarism.

Another academic challenge experienced by a significant number of learners is succeeding in Mathematics. The learners have multiple troubles in Math that get attributed to poor approach to the subject at different academic levels. Below are Math study skills, guidelines for solving math problems and procedures undertaken in studying Math tests to ensure improved performance in Mathematics. Adhering to the Math Study skills can lead to better grades in Mathematics courses.

Effective Math Study Skills involve class attendance of all Math lessons as well as participating in the lessons. The student gains significantly by attending all Math classes as most professors, and lecturers teach Math examples hence allows the student to master formulas, concepts, and problem-solving techniques. It also offers the learner an opportunity to request for assistance in case they don’t fully understand a concept. Attending classes is also critical as most of the Math test questions get picked from the material that has got covered in classes. The Math classes in colleges and institutions are also significant as the material covered in each class precedes similar material in future classes (Hoyt & McGoldrick, 2012).

The other vital Math skill for a better understanding of concepts and formulas is the self-discipline of completing homework in post-high school institutions. Most of the time, the professors, and lecturers do not check whether the homework has got completed; however, the student should develop a habit of always completing them. It is vital for the student since undertaking assignments act as a self evaluation to identify what a student does not know. It also provides an adequate practice opportunity for the student.

Another vital Math skill is developing a habit of always requesting for assistance every time a student does not understand a concept well. The school setting provides different platforms where a student can get help such as asking the instructor during Math lessons or even at their offices. Another platform is asking fellow students in discussion groups or free time.

The performance in Math gets highly determined by the approach applied in undertaking Math tests. The following simple steps should get followed in Math tests for better grades. First, the student should look over the paper to have a glimpse of the length of the paper, to identify the questions to attempt and also plan their time effectively. The student should then attempt the questions, while carefully reading questions, showing clearly all their work and reviewing their answers.

Plagiarism sites

Plagiarism and how we can apply math skills in Operation Research IME550

Different scholars have defined plagiarism in many different ways. However, all the scholars agree on one factor that plagiarism is a serious academic offence that attracts the highest penalties and punishment. It involves the theft of another person’s ideas or words, lack of acknowledging the source, poor quotation of sources, as well as presenting the work as own to instructors. Every author’s original work that gets expressed in some way gets considered as intellectual property that is under the protection of the copyright laws of the United States. This offence is serious, and all scholars and learners should be keen on avoiding it by all means. Ways of preventing plagiarism include consultations with the professor or lecturer, adequately planning for a paper or book in advance, acknowledging sources and checking individual papers in plagiarism sites.

Mathematics is an important subject in all disciplines and in pursuing all careers; hence vital to have excellent performance in the subject. However, this is not the case as students always perform poorly and get disadvantaged in many ways. There are various Math study skills that when adopted would result in high grades in Mathematics courses including IME550. The list gets provided below together with the correct approach to problem-solving in Mathematics, studying Math and undertaking Math tests.

Math study skills for better grades entail the on absenteeism to Math classes. It gets attributed to several reasons such as the factor that the instructors cover large Math sections in one class and do Math examples during lessons. Hence, missing a single class would result in losing significantly. The instructors also formulate the end of academic year Math tests using the material covered in class, thus attending every day gives a student an added advantage. Attending all classes together with completing homework in time enhances the learner’s understanding of the course material, concepts, problem-solving technique and formulas. The learner also can identify strengths and weaknesses hence determine where to put more effort and time. Attending classes and doing homework prepares the student adequately for Math tests. Getting assistance on weak areas in Math also improves the understanding of Math concepts and material. A student may request for assistance during lesson time, approaching the instructor during non-class hours, consulting fellow student and discussing in discussion groups.

Problem-solving process is a fundamental technique that needs to get learned, understood and mastered for improving an individual’s grades. The process commences by first reading the question careful and understanding what is needed for the learner by the problem. The next step is formulating a suitable plan for the problem. The developed plan is then carefully implemented to attain the set objectives. Lastly, in the problem-solving skills is the review of one’s work to identify mistakes and errors or addition of omissions.

Studying Math is also crucial for a learner as it assists them to prepare adequately for a Math test. Studying Math may involve doing homework or just going through the course content. It is most effective when undertaken many days prior to the test period.

The approach in Math test is vital in determining a student’s grade. A student should go to the exam room well prepared for the test. After receiving the question paper, the student should read the instructions, identify problems which they would be comfortable understanding and then plan their time appropriately. All the work done should be shown clearly and possibly in a step by step arrangement. Erasing of wrong work should be avoided, and if necessary, a single line is most appropriate. After completing the paper, the student should review all the work done, to ensure that all instructions got followed and also identify mistakes and errors.

Nature of Theory

Introduction
The word theory is a common term used in different fields and at different occasions to mean almost the same thing. Though different words may be used to help conceptualize what constitutes a theory, the central idea is that a theory is a tool that helps deduce why things are the way they are. I this paper, I will discuss the general definition of a theory, and then the nature and the different basic types of theory, the various views of what constitutes a theory and lastly, what distinguishes a theory from related concepts such as hypothesis, paradigm, model, and concept.

Nature and types of theory
Nature of Theory
As said earlier, theories are tools that aid human understanding about a particular subject matter. As such, a theory, though may not be scientifically verifiable is relied upon to produce logicality about a phenomenon of interest no matter how complex it may be or seem. Here we deduce that a theory abstract rather than perfectly realistic in nature.

A theory is syntactic in nature. That implies that it only becomes meaningful when given a semantic component or when applied to some content. Besides, theories are mainly expressed in some natural language though are mostly constructed in such a way that they can be modified to fit in explaining a variety of phenomena. Theories can also be expressed mathematically or symbolically as long as they follow the principles of logic and rational thought (Stam, 2009).

Apparently, a theory is majorly constructed by a set of sentences consisting of ‘true’ statements though the truth of any one of these statements is always about the whole theory. Therefore, the same statement may be true with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. For instance, a literary theory like “He is a good person” can only be proven to be true by first seeking the truth about the ‘He’ character. Two theories are said to have the same explanatory power if they can make same predictions. Such a pair of theories is called indistinguishable or observationally equivalent theories (Zima, 2012).

Types of theory
There are many kinds of theories. However, they all can be classified into two main categories namely scientific and philosophical.

Philosophical Theories
This class consists of theories whose subject and conclusions are not founded on empirical data, but rather on a person’s ideas. That implies that many elementary philosophical theories are just perceptive statements whose truthfulness cannot be scientifically tested. Examples of relevant philosophical theories include the following:

Meta-theory
Meta-theory is a type of philosophical theory whose subject matter is another theory. In other words, meta-theory is a theory about a theory (Stam, 2009).

Political theories
This theory is another type of philosophical theory political theory which tries to explain how the law and government are. Many times, “political theory” points to a general view, or political belief and attitudes about politics (Gelso, 2006).

Scientific Theories
Unlike philosophical theories, scientific theories attempt to explain the why of natural phenomena and processes by the use of well-substantiated evidence. As such, a scientific theory explains an aspect of the natural world using scientific theories such as repeated tests and experimentation. A mathematical theory such as the Newton’s Theory of Gravity is an example of a scientific theory. Among other examples of scientific theories include Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Mendeleev’s theory of the Periodic Table (Zima, 2012).

What constitutes a theory?
According to Gelso, (2006), a theory can be speculative of scientific. As such, it can be used to inform hard facts or general facts about a phenomenon of interest. Corvellec (2013), says that a theory can be mathematical or literary. It can be used to explain how some mathematical formulas came into being or why some people behave the way they do.

Diversity in the Workplace

Difference between Diversity and Multiculturalism
When it comes to multiculturalism and diversity, there is always that tendency by most people to use the terms interchangeably, when in fact there are major differences between the two. The difference between people is as diversity, and the differences range from gender, race, sexual orientation, background, socioeconomic status and much more. The human resource management perspective on diversity goes ahead to look at policies set so as to meet compliance standards where we see commissions such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) verse complaints in the area. On the other hand, multiculturalism is much deeper than diversity as it focuses on inclusiveness, understanding as well as respect and further looks at unequal power in society. In the workplace most human resource managers see multiculturalism as not being well defined, places emphasis on gender and ethnicity as well as focusing too much on compliance (Carr-Ruffino, 2008).

Diversity is about otherness between individuals and the purpose of diversity being ensuring that people are treated the same through policies. As much as making everyone get the same treatment it is the right thing to do multiculturalism comes in and looks at a system of advantages as per race, gender as well as sexual; orientation called power and privilege. It through this system that advantages of diversity get identified where a person’s race, a person’s gender as well as individual’s sexual orientation is used in setting societal rules as well as norms. Power and privilege are not something that is easily recognized and as such it is mostly regarded as invisible privilege (Fine, 2012). Some of the privileges include

Privileges that are gender based- This is privilege indicates the advantage that one gender has over the other for instance when there is that assumption that once a female gets married, she will automatically change her last name and take up her husband last name (Fine, 2012).
Privileges that are race oriented- When one race is treated as better than another or regarded greater as this may make the race seen as less get infuriating (Fine, 2012).
Privileges that are social class oriented- This are privileges that only those in a certain social class get for instance the upper class may have advantages in club membership than those in the lower social class (Fine, 2012).
Privileges that are sexually oriented- This privilege is seen mostly when a person of a certain social orientation easily does something that another person of a different social orientation cannot do. For instance, it is easier for heterosexual couples to display affection publicly yet a gay, lesbian and transgendered people couple May not being in a position to do the same without racing eyebrows (Fine, 2012).
The above privileges are indeed invisible as most people focus on what they can see only, and they focus on for instance the color of the skin to determine whether they treat people the same or not. The invisible privileges are often ignored or go unnoticed as most people do not recognize the privileges they receive due to the certain race, a certain gender or even sexual orientation (Fine, 2012).

It is though no recognition of the difference in the society as well as the difference between people that there is the failure to see that people have different needs, assets as well as perspectives. Further power and privilege enable people to know that as much as there has an advantage in one area there is always that other area that their difference may not get appreciated by the same society that accepts the other privileges that they have. For instance, a Caucasian female in America may have race privileges but not gender privileges. Power and privilege importance are as it enables individuals to understand their stereotype as well as systems of advantage thus allowing them to get inclusive with coworkers, employees, and managers (Fine, 2012).

In Human Resource Management it is crucial to combine the understanding of certain systems that enable as well as allow for power and privilege as it is such a system that will allow the understanding and thus eliminate or try to minimize the issues that emerge from our difference in the society (Fine, 2012).

Advantages of diversity in the workplace
One of the best things that an organization can get is a workforce that is diverse where individual have the difference in perspective as this may mean that t6hwe organization profitability levels may go up, and it may also lead to better service offer to its customers. However rather than looking at diversity as a way of attaining numerical goals or just complying with the law, it is best to combine the concept to create a workplace that is much better for everyone in the organization. The following are some of the advantages of diversity in the workplace

Allows better service to customers- It is through diversity that an organization can offer better services to its customers as it will give a broader range of services, such as variety in languages as well as the understanding of the difference in culture (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000)
Allows for better communication- Diversity allows better communication between individuals in the organization allowing saves in time as well as money (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
Allow compliance with the law- It is commonly a legal requirement for most governments in the world to treat everyone the same regardless of their race, gender or sexual orientation (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
Allow for better ideas and solutions- It from the perspective of diversity that an organization can create ideas and solutions that are better for the benefit of the organization (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
The following are some of the disadvantages of diversity in the workplace

Contributes to discomfort among employees- Many employees feel that some changes are not necessary and may prefer maintaining a status quo and thus resist diversity as it brings them discomfort (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
Integration Issues- As much as social integration influence in an organization in a minimal way it still has a negative impact. It is through diversity that formation of cliques, as well as exclusive social groups, takes place, and the problems come in when the organization can no longer control the groups. These uncontrolled cliques further contribute to informal division in the staff thus creating situations where culturally diverse employees avoid exposure to each other during break times as well after work. As much as the scenario seems harmless there is a high chance that it hinders the effectiveness of knowledge sharing, experience, and skills, thus preventing growth and brings ineffectiveness in teams (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
Freedom of speech impairment- In the workplace diversity existence creates a barrier in the speech where workers that previously could tell jokes happily are forced to quell their exercise of the First Amendment Rights that they hold riotously all in the name of diversity (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
Relationships in the Workplace- Employees tend to feel less important when an organization main focus becomes diversity creation especially if the employees do not represent a typical diverse population that focus on race, sex, age as well as disability. The feeling of undervaluation and unappreciated that is purely by no representation of certain diversity may hinder employee’s productivity (Gilbert & Ivancevich, 2000).
Strategic HRM in the Workplace
Recruitment and Selection
Sometimes organizations do not intend to portray exclusiveness or even discriminate, but it is their practices that are illegal and discriminatory. For instance organizations such as Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regards the publication of a job that description and shows the preference for a company of a person they wish to select and place in the organization as illegal. An organization can get an opportunity to get the person they want and still adhere to the law using methods such as four-fifths rule or 80% rule that are a qualitative method of evaluating discrimination in the practice of selection.

The rule states indicates that a rate of selection that has the race, sex or even ethnic group basis is less than four-fifths of the rate for them group with the highest rate could mean a diverse impact on the selection. Where adverse impact refers to a practice of employment that appears neutral but carries with its discriminatory effect on a group whose protection is hindered, for instance, the females, gays (Stone et al, 2007)

Testing
It is crucial for employees to get tested for the job, for instance an organization may undertake a personality test to hire, and this ensures that discrimination avoidance takes place, and the population is non-exclusion. Further, it is necessary to include a reasonable accommodation such as interpreter as long as it does not strain the organization financially it is needs granting.

It is also very crucial to determine the type of test offering and how it might leave out a certain group of people such as the non-English speakers (Stone et al, 2007).

Promotion and pay
In a multicultural and diverse situation, it is crucial for an organization to develop policies that are related to pay as well as promotions as such policies are key to fairness. Over the years, there has been a wide publication that women make 77 percent of what men earn for a similar position in an organization and the reasons for such difference in pay are

Some hours worked- There is a belief that women due to the family responsibility such as child-care as well as expectation housework work fewer hours than men (Stone et al, 2007).
Choice of occupation- Women tend to choose careers that pay much less as they are more concerned about balancing family and career (Stone et al, 2007).
Stereotypes- The concept of male bias is another possible contributor to the large difference in pay between men and women where most men are perceived more competent in certain types of jobs than women.
Maternity and family leave- In the workplace the women leaving the workplace for a period short or long affect the perception of promotion (Stone et al, 2007).
Salary and Negotiation- Previous research indicates that men are more likely to negotiate salary than women and a possible reason for the difference in pay between them (Stone et al, 2007).
Managers need awareness of the difference between the pay of men and women when hiring and promoting. At times, it requires a set of the payment schedule for all employees regardless of their gender and promoted employees. Further an organization can introduce mentor-mentee relationships where informal mentorship programs can take effect in the organization (Stone et al, 2007).

Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is government initiated, regulated as well as legislated and is distinctly different from multiculturalism and diversity as diversity is voluntary although government agencies may pressure organizations in certain circumstances to diversify their workforce. Affirmative action is driven legally, focused on the problems at hand, integrated and very proactive. It means using individual group’s identity as a standard for selection decisions (Stone et al, 2007).

Diversity training, as well as diversity programs, are crucial need not get basis from historical workplace where there were inequalities between men and women as well as with majority of the minority programs. Such focus mostly leads to a condescending atmosphere. However, it is crucial for affirmative action and diversity to take separate ways regardless of diversity having some antecedents in affirmative action (Stone et al, 2007).

Training
It is crucial for an organization to help employees buy-in and entails enabling staff as well as managers understand d the value of a diverse workforce and the management of diversity. Such training aims at bullying reduction, harassment cases and the increase in inclusion in activities for people with language, culture as well as disability needs. The training offered includes induction, but is also ongoing and very organic, adapting over time as new employees with different diversity join the organization (Stone et al, 2007).

Retention
It is crucial for the organization to realize that employees exiting a company have nothing to lose, and it is easy for them to give openly information regarding the organization’s activities. It was thus crucial to ensure diversity policies introduced in the organization create minimum resistance and thus ensure the reduction in the level of turnover.

Best Ways to Prepare Your Child For Preschool in Gurgaon?

A preschool could be viewed as a kid’s second home. It’s where they learn, collaborate, play and develop. Chalktree Global- A Best Pre-school in Gurgaon as the name recommends is a learning space where a youngster goes before school, to prepare for school and what’s to come. Fundamentally a demo of how schools will be and to prepare your child to confront the difficulties of life and have a potential for success against the quickly developing serious world.

Education begins at home and parents are the children’s first educators. Thus it turns into their ethical obligation to direct their youngsters in the correct course and pick what’s best for them. Picking the right preschool is vital as it shapes your child’s future as well as yours. How your child will end up being not entirely set in stone by the preschool you decide to send him to. Numerous speculations recommend that a youngster who has a positive, cheerful, sound and developing climate at his/an early age is bound to have a superior learning and brilliant future.

For what reason are Preschools Significant?
Preschools speed up a kid’s social, individual, profound and mental development. Youngsters are ready for business in their initial age and for that reason it is vital to coordinate their energy in certain headings and perceive their maximum capacity. A Pre-school uses a kid’s maximum capacity and gives legitimate direction and the correct course so they can maintain and radiate brilliantly in this cutthroat world.

Things kids learn at pre-schools:-
Early learning constructs self-assurance among kids and assists them with understanding ideas from the root level.

They get familiar with the significance of sharing.
Better communication through persistent connection with different children and educators.

Building trust by making companions.
With fun activities, riddles and that’s only the tip of the iceberg, they become more innovative, useful and imaginative.

Better control over the language through tuning in and understanding stories and learning new jargon

Improved coordinated abilities through normal proactive tasks
Music, dance, painting and drawing.

Generally speaking, preschool assists your kid with interfacing and figure out how to speak with peers as well as instructors. The essential objective of a preschool is to assist a kid with adhering to directions, impart discipline into their lives, and present the idea of school and education into their lives. This multitude of elements assume a basic part in fostering the character of a baby which is basic for their principal development and improvement. In this way, fundamental parents look for admission to the best preschool so their kid gets the best sustenance from an exceptionally youthful age.

It likewise gives the parents a window where they can really zero in on their free work and obligations.

Which is the Best Preschool in Gurgaon?
Gurgaon formally known as Gurgaon, viewed as a town of masters has forever been a position of data and education, where you’ll track down a lot of corporate areas, workplaces, universities, schools and pre-schools. There is a lot of preschool in Gurgaon to look over and the city gives vast open doors to your youngsters to develop and have a splendid future.

The daycare community is where parents can leave their child for a couple of hours until they return home from work. So these centers deal with the youngsters and give a protected, sound and secure climate for them to play, learn and interface.

Individuals are for the most part residing in Gurgaon and numerous different places nowadays, where both the parents are attempting to get their and their children future. While both the parents are working they can keep their kids in pre-school and daycare focus and have a solid sense of safety and loosened up about their youngster.

Daycare for working mothers in Gurgaon gives an open door to every one of the new mothers to proceed with their careers immediately. These daycarecenters are a lifeline for working mothers so they don’t need to forfeit their positions when they become a mother.

With regards to the fate of your kid, pick hands down the best, as you and your kid’s future relies on it. Among the Top Preschools in Gurgaon comes Chalktree Global- a preschool and daycare focus. It furnishes quality education to your youngster with a protected and solid climate to play in and experts who center around the general improvement of your kid and permits each kid to learn at their own speed.

It is one of the most outstanding preschool in Gurgaon, it has virtual confirmation help for the people who need to apply basically with a negligible charge.